Ans. A computer is an electronic device that processes data, performing calculations and operations according to a set of instructions called software. The basic components of a computer include:

• Central Processing Unit (CPU): The brain of the computer that performs calculations and executes instructions.
• Memory (RAM): Temporary storage that holds data and instructions currently in use.
• Storage: Devices like Hard Disk Drives (HDD) and Solid State Drives (SSD) that store data permanently.
• Motherboard: The main circuit board that connects all components and peripherals.
• Input Devices: Devices like keyboards and mice that allow users to input data.
• Output Devices: Devices like monitors and printers that display or produce results from the computer's processing.

Ans. Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer system that you can touch and see, such as the CPU, RAM, hard drives, and peripherals. Software, on the other hand, consists of the programs and applications that run on the hardware, providing instructions for the hardware to perform tasks. In essence, hardware is the machinery, while software is the set of instructions that tells the machinery what to do.

Ans. The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is often referred to as the brain of the computer. Its primary function is to execute instructions from programs by performing basic arithmetic, logic, control, and input/output operations specified by the instructions. The CPU processes data and coordinates the activities of all other hardware components in the system.

Ans. RAM (Random Access Memory) is a type of volatile memory that temporarily stores data and instructions that the CPU needs while performing tasks. It is fast and allows for quick read and write access. ROM (Read-Only Memory), on the other hand, is non-volatile memory that permanently stores firmware and system software. Unlike RAM, the data in ROM is not lost when the computer is turned off, and it cannot be easily modified.

Ans. Input devices are hardware components that allow users to enter data and commands into a computer. Examples include:

• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Scanner
• Microphone

Output devices, on the other hand, are hardware components that convey information from the computer to the user. Examples include:

• Monitor
• Printer
• Speakers
• Projector

Ans. An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware and software resources. It provides a user interface and acts as an intermediary between users and the computer hardware. Examples include Windows, macOS, Linux, and Android.

Ans. The motherboard is the main circuit board of a computer. It connects and allows communication between the CPU, memory, storage devices, and peripherals. It also contains the chipset, which controls data flow between components.

Ans. A hard drive (HDD) is a non-volatile storage device used to store operating systems, software applications, and files. It uses magnetic storage to store and retrieve digital information.

Ans. SSD (Solid State Drive) uses flash memory to store data, offering faster read/write speeds, lower power consumption, and greater durability compared to HDDs (Hard Disk Drives), which use spinning disks and magnetic heads.

Ans. A computer network is a group of interconnected computers and devices that communicate and share resources such as files, printers, and internet connections. Networks can be local (LAN), wide-area (WAN), or wireless (Wi-Fi).

Ans. The Internet is a global network of interconnected computers that use the TCP/IP protocol to communicate. It enables access to information, communication, and services such as websites, email, and cloud computing.

Ans. Software is a set of instructions or programs that tell the computer what to do. It can be system software (like operating systems) or application software (like word processors and web browsers).

Ans. System software manages hardware and basic system operations (e.g., Windows, Linux), while application software helps users perform specific tasks (e.g., Microsoft Word, Google Chrome).

Ans. A file is a collection of data or information stored on a computer, such as documents or images. A folder is a container used to organize files and other folders into a hierarchical structure.

Ans. A peripheral device is an external device that connects to and works with a computer. Examples include a keyboard, mouse, printer, scanner, and webcam.

Ans. A computer virus is a type of malicious software (malware) that replicates itself and spreads to other computers, often causing harm by corrupting or deleting data, slowing down performance, or compromising security.

Ans. Antivirus software is a program designed to detect, prevent, and remove malware, including viruses, worms, and trojans, to protect the computer and its data.

Ans. Cloud computing is the delivery of computing services—like storage, processing power, and software—over the internet (the cloud). It allows users to access and store data on remote servers instead of local devices.

Ans. A browser is a software application used to access and navigate websites on the Internet. Examples include Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Safari, and Microsoft Edge.

Ans. URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is the address used to access resources on the internet. It specifies the location of a web page or file and includes components like protocol (http/https), domain, and path.

Ans. A spreadsheet is a digital document used to organize, analyze, and store data in tabular form using rows and columns. Microsoft Excel and Google Sheets are common spreadsheet applications.

Ans. Presentation software is used to create visual aids for communication and instruction, often in the form of slides. Examples include Microsoft PowerPoint and Google Slides.

Ans. A database is an organized collection of data that can be easily accessed, managed, and updated. It is used in various applications and is managed by software like MySQL, Oracle, or Microsoft SQL Server.

Ans. An IP (Internet Protocol) address is a unique numerical identifier assigned to each device connected to a network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. It allows devices to locate and communicate with each other.

Ans. Cybersecurity refers to the practice of protecting systems, networks, and data from digital attacks, unauthorized access, and damage. It includes practices like encryption, firewalls, and secure passwords.

Ans. A modem (modulator-demodulator) is a hardware device that connects a computer to the Internet by converting digital data into signals for transmission over telephone or cable lines, and vice versa.

Ans. The clipboard is a temporary storage area in a computer’s memory where data that has been cut or copied is stored. It allows users to move or copy data between documents or applications.

Ans. A printer is an output device that converts digital documents and images from a computer into physical copies on paper. Types include inkjet, laser, and dot matrix printers.

Ans. Shortcut keys are keyboard combinations that perform specific functions quickly without using the mouse. Examples include:

• Ctrl + C: Copy
• Ctrl + V: Paste
• Ctrl + Z: Undo
• Alt + Tab: Switch between open applications

Ans. A firewall is a network security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predefined security rules. It helps prevent unauthorized access to or from a private network.

Ans. An operating system (OS) is system software that manages hardware, software resources, and provides common services for computer programs. Examples include Windows, macOS, and Linux.

Ans. A file extension is a suffix at the end of a file name that indicates the file type. For example, .docx for Word documents and .jpg for image files.

Ans. Cloud computing is the delivery of computing services such as storage, processing, and software over the internet, allowing access from anywhere on demand.

Ans. A bit (binary digit) is the smallest unit of data in a computer. A byte consists of 8 bits and is used to represent a character such as a letter or number.

Ans. Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer system, such as the CPU, monitor, and keyboard. Software refers to the programs and operating systems that run on the hardware.

Ans. A web browser is an application used to access and view websites on the internet. Examples include Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Safari, and Microsoft Edge.

Ans. A scanner is an input device that captures images, text, or documents and converts them into a digital format for use on a computer.

Ans. GUI (Graphical User Interface) is a user interface that includes graphical elements like windows, icons, and buttons, allowing users to interact with a computer using visual indicators instead of text commands.

Ans. URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator. It is the address used to access resources on the internet, such as webpages, images, and videos. Example: https://www.example.com

Ans. ROM (Read-Only Memory) is non-volatile memory that permanently stores instructions for your computer, such as the BIOS. It retains data even when the computer is turned off.

Ans. RAM (Random Access Memory) is a type of volatile memory used to temporarily store data and programs that are currently being used. It is cleared when the system is turned off.

Ans. A computer virus is a type of malicious software that can replicate itself and spread from one computer to another, often damaging files or affecting performance.

Ans. The Control Panel is a feature in Microsoft Windows that allows users to change system settings and control hardware and software, such as adding devices or managing user accounts.

Ans. A shortcut icon is a link to a program, file, or folder, which allows quick access without opening the original location. It usually has a small arrow in the corner.

Ans. A folder is a virtual container within a file system used to organize and store files and other folders. It helps in maintaining a clean file structure.

Ans. The Recycle Bin in Windows stores deleted files and folders temporarily. Users can restore accidentally deleted files or permanently delete them from the system.

Ans. Multitasking is the ability of a computer to run multiple applications or processes simultaneously, improving productivity and system utilization.

Ans. Software piracy is the illegal copying, distribution, or use of software without proper licensing or permission from the creator or vendor.

Ans. A cell in a spreadsheet is the intersection of a row and a column. Each cell can hold data such as numbers, text, or formulas. Cells are identified by labels like A1, B2, etc.

Ans. The taskbar is a bar displayed at the bottom of the Windows desktop that shows open applications, the Start menu, and system icons like volume and network status.

Ans. The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the brain of the computer. It performs calculations and executes instructions to run programs.

Ans. An IP address is a unique string of numbers separated by periods or colons used to identify a device on a network or the internet.

Ans. "Save" updates the current document, while "Save As" allows saving a new copy with a different name or location.

Ans. A modem is a device that converts digital data from a computer to analog for transmission over telephone lines and vice versa, enabling internet access.

Ans. Data is a collection of raw facts and figures without context. When processed, it becomes information.

Ans. Information is processed, organized, and structured data that has meaning and can be used for decision-making.

Ans. A firewall is a network security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on security rules to prevent unauthorized access.

Ans. A spreadsheet is a software application used to organize, analyze, and store data in tabular form. Examples include Microsoft Excel and Google Sheets.

Ans. An input device is a hardware component used to enter data into a computer. Examples include keyboard, mouse, and scanner.

Ans. An output device displays or outputs the result of processed data. Examples include monitors, printers, and speakers.

Ans. An operating system upgrade is the process of replacing an older OS version with a newer one to access new features, improvements, and security patches.

Ans. A spreadsheet formula is an equation used in a cell to perform calculations using values or other cells. Example: =A1+B1

Ans. A cursor is a movable indicator on a computer screen that shows where the next interaction or input will occur.

Ans. A plug-in is an additional component that adds specific features or functionality to an existing software program, such as media players or browsers.

Ans. Encryption is the process of converting data into a coded format to prevent unauthorized access during transmission or storage.

Ans. A hyperlink is a link that connects one web page to another or to a different section of the same page, usually activated by clicking.

Ans. Formatting refers to the arrangement and style of text and pages in a document, such as font size, bold, alignment, margins, and spacing.

Ans. Cache memory is a small-sized, high-speed memory located inside or near the CPU that stores frequently accessed data and instructions to speed up processing.

Ans. A password is a secret string of characters used to authenticate a user’s identity and gain access to a system, file, or account.

Ans. Troubleshooting is the process of identifying, diagnosing, and resolving problems or issues in computer systems and software.

Ans. A backup is a copy of data stored in a separate location to protect against data loss in case of system failure or damage.

Ans. The motherboard is the main circuit board in a computer that connects all the hardware components, including the CPU, RAM, and storage devices.

Ans. A cookie is a small piece of data stored by a web browser that contains information about the user's preferences and activity on a website.

Ans. A laptop is a portable computer with a built-in screen, keyboard, and battery, whereas a desktop is a stationary computer that requires an external monitor, keyboard, and power source.

Ans. A peripheral device is an external device connected to a computer to add functionality, such as a printer, scanner, or external hard drive.

Ans. The power supply unit (PSU) converts electricity from an outlet into a form that can be used by the computer components, providing power to the motherboard, hard drive, and other internal parts.

Ans. The kernel is the core part of an operating system that manages system resources, such as memory, hardware, and processes, and provides essential services for other software.

Ans. Virtualization is the creation of a virtual version of something, such as a virtual machine, which allows multiple operating systems to run on a single physical machine simultaneously.

Ans. A hard disk drive (HDD) is a data storage device that uses magnetic storage to store and retrieve digital information on a rotating disk. It is commonly used for long-term storage in computers.

Ans. A solid-state drive (SSD) is a data storage device that uses flash memory to store data, offering faster data retrieval and greater durability compared to traditional hard disk drives (HDDs).

Ans. A URL shortener is a tool that converts a long URL into a shorter version, making it easier to share, especially on social media platforms.

Ans. A domain name is the unique address used to identify a website on the internet, such as www.example.com. It is used to access websites through a web browser.

Ans. A router is a networking device that forwards data packets between computer networks, directing traffic between local networks and the internet.

Ans. An access point is a device that allows wireless devices to connect to a wired network using Wi-Fi.

Ans. DNS (Domain Name System) is used to translate domain names (such as www.example.com) into IP addresses, allowing browsers to locate the correct website on the internet.

Ans. An email client is software used to send, receive, and manage email messages. Examples include Microsoft Outlook, Apple Mail, and Thunderbird.

Ans. A web server is a system that stores, processes, and delivers web pages to users' web browsers. Examples include Apache HTTP Server and Microsoft IIS.

Ans. FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is a standard network protocol used to transfer files from one host to another over a TCP-based network like the internet.

Ans. A virtual machine is a software-based emulation of a computer that allows you to run multiple operating systems on a single physical machine.

Ans. BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is firmware that initializes hardware and provides a set of instructions for the computer to boot up and load the operating system.

Ans. A microprocessor is a small central processing unit (CPU) integrated onto a single chip, responsible for executing instructions in a computer.

Ans. A network switch is a device that connects multiple devices within a local area network (LAN), allowing them to communicate with each other by forwarding data based on MAC addresses.

Ans. A protocol is a set of rules or standards that define how data is transmitted and received over a network. Examples include HTTP, FTP, and TCP/IP.

Ans. The client-server model is a network architecture in which one device (the client) requests services or resources from another device (the server).

Ans. An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure or set of rules for solving a specific problem or performing a task.

Ans. Cloud storage is an online service that allows users to store data on remote servers and access it via the internet. Examples include Google Drive and Dropbox.

Ans. A switch is a more intelligent networking device that forwards data only to the device that needs it, while a hub broadcasts data to all connected devices.

Ans. A cache hit occurs when requested data is found in the cache memory, making data retrieval faster than if it had to be fetched from the main memory or storage.

Ans. A cache miss happens when the requested data is not found in the cache, requiring the system to fetch it from slower main memory or storage.

Ans. A compiler is a software tool that translates high-level programming code into machine code or an intermediate language that a computer can execute.